Pixel Arrangements for Electronic Device Displays

ABSTRACT

A lenticular display may be formed with convex curvature. The lenticular display may have a lenticular lens film with lenticular lenses that extend across the length of the display. The lenticular lenses may be configured to enable stereoscopic viewing of the display. To enable more curvature in the display while ensuring satisfactory stereoscopic display performance, the display may have stereoscopic zones and non-stereoscopic zones. A central stereoscopic zone may be interposed between first and second non-stereoscopic zones. The non-stereoscopic zones may have more curvature than the stereoscopic zone. To prevent crosstalk within the lenticular display, a louver film may be incorporated into the display. The pixel array may have a diagonal layout and may be covered by vertically oriented lenticular lenses.

This application claims the benefit of provisional patent applicationNo. 62/897,078, filed Sep. 6, 2019, provisional patent application No.62/897,093, filed Sep. 6, 2019, and provisional patent application No.62/987,674, filed Mar. 10, 2020, which are hereby incorporated byreference herein in their entireties.

FIELD

This relates generally to electronic devices, and, more particularly, toelectronic devices with displays.

BACKGROUND

Electronic devices often include displays. In some cases, displays mayinclude lenticular lenses that enable the display to providethree-dimensional content to the viewer. The lenticular lenses may beformed over an array of pixels such as organic light-emitting diodepixels or liquid crystal display pixels.

If care is not taken, it may be difficult to provide lenticular displayswith desired form factors. Lenticular displays may also be susceptibleto crosstalk and other visible artifacts at wide viewing angles.

SUMMARY

An electronic device may include a lenticular display. The lenticulardisplay may have a lenticular lens film formed over an array of pixels.A plurality of lenticular lenses may extend across the length of thedisplay. The lenticular lenses may be configured to enable stereoscopicviewing of the display such that a viewer perceives three-dimensionalimages.

It may be desirable for a lenticular display to have convex curvaturebased on a desired form factor for the electronic device. To enable morecurvature in the display while ensuring satisfactory displayperformance, the display may have stereoscopic zones andnon-stereoscopic zones. The stereoscopic zones may be configured topresent three-dimensional content whereas the non-stereoscopic zones maybe configured to present two-dimensional content. A central stereoscopiczone may be interposed between first and second non-stereoscopic zones.The non-stereoscopic zones may have more curvature than the stereoscopiczone.

To prevent crosstalk within the lenticular display, a louver film may beincorporated into the display. The louver film may have a plurality oftransparent portions separated by opaque walls. The opaque walls maycontrol the emission angle of light from the display, reducingcrosstalk. The louver film may be interposed between the lenticular lensfilm and the display panel, or the lenticular lens film may beinterposed between the display panel and the louver film.

Pixel arrays may have a diagonal pixel pattern with each row shiftedlaterally relative to the preceding row. The overlying lenticular lensesmay be vertically oriented, resulting in a non-zero angle between thepixel pattern and the lenticular lenses. Various pixel layouts may beused in the diagonal pixel pattern to mitigate cross-talk.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic devicehaving a display in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a top view of an illustrative display in an electronic devicein accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticulardisplay that provides images to a viewer in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticulardisplay that provides images to two or more viewers in accordance withan embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a top view of an illustrative lenticular lens film showing theelongated shape of the lenticular lenses in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an illustrative planar lenticulardisplay showing the emission area of the display relative to the viewingarea in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative curvedlenticular display showing how the emission areas at the edges of thedisplay may not be viewable in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative curvedlenticular display showing how the emission areas of the display may bebroadened to allow for convex curvature in the display in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative curvedlenticular display showing how non-stereoscopic regions may be includedat the edges of the display to allow for more curvature in the displayin accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a top view of an illustrative curved lenticular displayshowing how a stereoscopic zone may be interposed between first andsecond non-stereoscopic zones in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative curvedlenticular display having a different radius of curvature in thenon-stereoscopic zones than in the stereoscopic zones in accordance withan embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device thatuses both two-dimensional content for non-stereoscopic display zones andthree-dimensional content for stereoscopic display zones in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a state diagram showing how the display may be operated in atwo-dimensional display mode and a three-dimensional display mode inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 14A is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative display withlenticular lenses that have a progressively changing shape to controlemission of light at the curved edges of the display in accordance withan embodiment.

FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional side view of the illustrative display ofFIG. 14A after the display has been curved in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative curvedlenticular display showing how some off-axis light may contribute tocrosstalk in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative curvedlenticular display having a louver film to block off-axis light thatcontributes to crosstalk in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticulardisplay having a louver film below a lenticular lens film in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticulardisplay having a louver film with selectively opaque portions below alenticular lens film that is covered by a low-index film in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticulardisplay having opaque portions incorporated into a base portion inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticulardisplay having a louver film above a lenticular lens film in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative louver filmthat may be incorporated into a curved lenticular display showing howthe axes of the opaque portions of the louver film may be selected to beparallel after the louver film is curved in accordance with anembodiment.

FIGS. 22A and 22B are top views of an illustrative display showing howdiagonally oriented lenticular lenses may be formed over a verticalpixel pattern in accordance with an embodiment.

FIGS. 23A and 23B are top views of an illustrative display showing howvertically oriented lenticular lenses may be formed over a diagonalpixel pattern in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 24 is a top view of an illustrative diagonal pixel pattern whereeach pixel has a blue sub-pixel with a length oriented parallel to thelenticular lenses in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 25 is a top view of an illustrative pixel layout for a diagonalpixel pattern where each pixel has a blue sub-pixel with a lengthoriented parallel to the lenticular lenses and every pixel is flippedvertically relative to the adjacent pixels in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 26 is a top view of an illustrative pixel layout for a diagonalpixel pattern where each pixel has a blue sub-pixel with a lengthoriented orthogonal to the lenticular lenses and every pixel is flippedvertically relative to the adjacent pixels in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 27 is a top view of an illustrative diagonal pixel pattern whereeach pixel has diamond and triangular shaped sub-pixels in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 28 is a top view of an illustrative display showing how diagonalsignal paths may be used to accommodate a diagonal pixel pattern inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 29 is a top view of an illustrative display showing how zig-zagsignal paths may be used to accommodate a diagonal pixel pattern inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 30 is a top view of an illustrative display showing how zig-zagsignal paths with supplemental segments to equalize loading may be usedto accommodate a diagonal pixel pattern in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 31 is a top view of an illustrative display showing how zig-zagsignal paths with dummy segments to equalize loading may be used toaccommodate a diagonal pixel pattern in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An illustrative electronic device of the type that may be provided witha display is shown in FIG. 1. Electronic device 10 may be a computingdevice such as a laptop computer, a computer monitor containing anembedded computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a mediaplayer, or other handheld or portable electronic device, a smallerdevice such as a wrist-watch device, a pendant device, a headphone orearpiece device, an augmented reality (AR) headset and/or virtualreality (VR) headset, a device embedded in eyeglasses or other equipmentworn on a user's head, or other wearable or miniature device, a display,a computer display that contains an embedded computer, a computerdisplay that does not contain an embedded computer, a gaming device, anavigation device, an embedded system such as a system in whichelectronic equipment with a display is mounted in a kiosk or automobile,or other electronic equipment.

As shown in FIG. 1, electronic device 10 may have control circuitry 16.Control circuitry 16 may include storage and processing circuitry forsupporting the operation of device 10. The storage and processingcircuitry may include storage such as hard disk drive storage,nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or otherelectrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solidstate drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamicrandom-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in control circuitry 16may be used to control the operation of device 10. The processingcircuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers,digital signal processors, baseband processors, power management units,audio chips, application specific integrated circuits, etc.

To support communications between device 10 and external equipment,control circuitry 16 may communicate using communications circuitry 21.Circuitry 21 may include antennas, radio-frequency transceivercircuitry, and other wireless communications circuitry and/or wiredcommunications circuitry. Circuitry 21, which may sometimes be referredto as control circuitry and/or control and communications circuitry, maysupport bidirectional wireless communications between device 10 andexternal equipment over a wireless link (e.g., circuitry 21 may includeradio-frequency transceiver circuitry such as wireless local areanetwork transceiver circuitry configured to support communications overa wireless local area network link, near-field communicationstransceiver circuitry configured to support communications over anear-field communications link, cellular telephone transceiver circuitryconfigured to support communications over a cellular telephone link, ortransceiver circuitry configured to support communications over anyother suitable wired or wireless communications link). Wirelesscommunications may, for example, be supported over a Bluetooth® link, aWiFi® link, a 60 GHz link or other millimeter wave link, a cellulartelephone link, or other wireless communications link. Device 10 may, ifdesired, include power circuits for transmitting and/or receiving wiredand/or wireless power and may include batteries or other energy storagedevices. For example, device 10 may include a coil and rectifier toreceive wireless power that is provided to circuitry in device 10.

Input-output circuitry in device 10 such as input-output devices 12 maybe used to allow data to be supplied to device 10 and to allow data tobe provided from device 10 to external devices. Input-output devices 12may include buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads,keyboards, microphones, speakers, tone generators, vibrators, cameras,sensors, light-emitting diodes and other status indicators, data ports,and other electrical components. A user can control the operation ofdevice 10 by supplying commands through input-output devices 12 and mayreceive status information and other output from device 10 using theoutput resources of input-output devices 12.

Input-output devices 12 may include one or more displays such as display14. Display 14 may be a touch screen display that includes a touchsensor for gathering touch input from a user or display 14 may beinsensitive to touch. A touch sensor for display 14 may be based on anarray of capacitive touch sensor electrodes, acoustic touch sensorstructures, resistive touch components, force-based touch sensorstructures, a light-based touch sensor, or other suitable touch sensorarrangements.

Some electronic devices may include two displays. In one possiblearrangement, a first display may be positioned on one side of the deviceand a second display may be positioned on a second, opposing side of thedevice. The first and second displays therefore may have a back-to-backarrangement. One or both of the displays may be curved.

Sensors in input-output devices 12 may include force sensors (e.g.,strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, resistive force sensors, etc.),audio sensors such as microphones, touch and/or proximity sensors suchas capacitive sensors (e.g., a two-dimensional capacitive touch sensorintegrated into display 14, a two-dimensional capacitive touch sensoroverlapping display 14, and/or a touch sensor that forms a button,trackpad, or other input device not associated with a display), andother sensors. If desired, sensors in input-output devices 12 mayinclude optical sensors such as optical sensors that emit and detectlight, ultrasonic sensors, optical touch sensors, optical proximitysensors, and/or other touch sensors and/or proximity sensors,monochromatic and color ambient light sensors, image sensors,fingerprint sensors, temperature sensors, sensors for measuringthree-dimensional non-contact gestures (“air gestures”), pressuresensors, sensors for detecting position, orientation, and/or motion(e.g., accelerometers, magnetic sensors such as compass sensors,gyroscopes, and/or inertial measurement units that contain some or allof these sensors), health sensors, radio-frequency sensors, depthsensors (e.g., structured light sensors and/or depth sensors based onstereo imaging devices), optical sensors such as self-mixing sensors andlight detection and ranging (lidar) sensors that gather time-of-flightmeasurements, humidity sensors, moisture sensors, gaze tracking sensors,and/or other sensors.

Control circuitry 16 may be used to run software on device 10 such asoperating system code and applications. During operation of device 10,the software running on control circuitry 16 may display images ondisplay 14 using an array of pixels in display 14.

Display 14 may be an organic light-emitting diode display, a liquidcrystal display, an electrophoretic display, an electrowetting display,a plasma display, a microelectromechanical systems display, a displayhaving a pixel array formed from crystalline semiconductorlight-emitting diode dies (sometimes referred to as microLEDs), and/orother display. Configurations in which display 14 is an organiclight-emitting diode display are sometimes described herein as anexample.

Display 14 may have a rectangular shape (i.e., display 14 may have arectangular footprint and a rectangular peripheral edge that runs aroundthe rectangular footprint) or may have other suitable shapes. Display 14may be planar or may have a curved profile.

Device 10 may include cameras and other components that form part ofgaze and/or head tracking system 18. The camera(s) or other componentsof system 18 may face a user's eyes and may track the user's eyes and/orhead (e.g., images and other information captured by system 18 may beanalyzed by control circuitry 16 to determine the location of the user'seyes and/or head). This eye-location information obtained by system 18may be used to determine the appropriate direction with which displaycontent from display 14 should be directed. If desired, image sensorsother than cameras (e.g., infrared and/or visible light-emitting diodesand light detectors, etc.) may be used in system 18 to monitor a user'seye and/or head location.

A top view of a portion of display 14 is shown in FIG. 2. As shown inFIG. 2, display 14 may have an array of pixels 22 formed on substrate36. Substrate 36 may be formed from glass, metal, plastic, ceramic, orother substrate materials. Pixels 22 may receive data signals oversignal paths such as data lines D and may receive one or more controlsignals over control signal paths such as horizontal control lines G(sometimes referred to as gate lines, scan lines, emission controllines, etc.). There may be any suitable number of rows and columns ofpixels 22 in display 14 (e.g., tens or more, hundreds or more, orthousands or more). Each pixel 22 may have a light-emitting diode 26that emits light 24 under the control of a pixel circuit formed fromthin-film transistor circuitry (such as thin-film transistors 28 andthin-film capacitors). Thin-film transistors 28 may be polysiliconthin-film transistors, semiconducting-oxide thin-film transistors suchas indium gallium zinc oxide transistors, or thin-film transistorsformed from other semiconductors. Pixels 22 may contain light-emittingdiodes of different colors (e.g., red, green, and blue diodes for red,green, and blue pixels, respectively) to provide display 14 with theability to display color images.

Display driver circuitry may be used to control the operation of pixels22. The display driver circuitry may be formed from integrated circuits,thin-film transistor circuits, or other suitable circuitry. Displaydriver circuitry 30 of FIG. 2 may contain communications circuitry forcommunicating with system control circuitry such as control circuitry 16of FIG. 1 over path 32. Path 32 may be formed from traces on a flexibleprinted circuit or other cable. During operation, the control circuitry(e.g., control circuitry 16 of FIG. 1) may supply circuitry 30 withinformation on images to be displayed on display 14.

To display the images on display pixels 22, display driver circuitry 30may supply image data to data lines D while issuing clock signals andother control signals to supporting display driver circuitry such asgate driver circuitry 34 over path 38. If desired, circuitry 30 may alsosupply clock signals and other control signals to gate driver circuitryon an opposing edge of display 14.

Gate driver circuitry 34 (sometimes referred to as horizontal controlline control circuitry) may be implemented as part of an integratedcircuit and/or may be implemented using thin-film transistor circuitry.Horizontal control lines G in display 14 may carry gate line signals(scan line signals), emission enable control signals, and otherhorizontal control signals for controlling the pixels of each row. Theremay be any suitable number of horizontal control signals per row ofpixels 22 (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more,etc.).

Display 14 may sometimes be a stereoscopic display that is configured todisplay three-dimensional content for a viewer. Stereoscopic displaysare capable of displaying multiple two-dimensional images that areviewed from slightly different angles. When viewed together, thecombination of the two-dimensional images creates the illusion of athree-dimensional image for the viewer. For example, a viewer's left eyemay receive a first two-dimensional image and a viewer's right eye mayreceive a second, different two-dimensional image. The viewer perceivesthese two different two-dimensional images as a single three-dimensionalimage.

There are numerous ways to implement a stereoscopic display. Display 14may be a lenticular display that uses lenticular lenses (e.g., elongatedlenses that extend along parallel axes), may be a parallax barrierdisplay that uses parallax barriers (e.g., an opaque layer withprecisely spaced slits to create a sense of depth through parallax), maybe a volumetric display, or may be any other desired type ofstereoscopic display. Configurations in which display 14 is a lenticulardisplay are sometimes described herein as an example.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticulardisplay that may be incorporated into electronic device 10. Display 14includes a display panel 20 with pixels 22 on substrate 36. Substrate 36may be formed from glass, metal, plastic, ceramic, or other substratematerials and pixels 22 may be organic light-emitting diode pixels,liquid crystal display pixels, or any other desired type of pixels.

As shown in FIG. 3, lenticular lens film 42 may be formed over thedisplay pixels. Lenticular lens film 42 (sometimes referred to as alight redirecting film, a lens film, etc.) includes lenses 46 and a basefilm portion 44 (e.g., a planar film portion to which lenses 46 areattached). Lenses 46 may be lenticular lenses that extend alongrespective longitudinal axes (e.g., axes that extend into the pageparallel to the Y-axis). Lenses 46 may be referred to as lenticularelements 46, lenticular lenses 46, optical elements 46, etc.

The lenses 46 of the lenticular lens film cover the pixels of display14. An example is shown in FIG. 3 with display pixels 22-1, 22-2, 22-3,22-4, 22-5, and 22-6. In this example, display pixels 22-1 and 22-2 arecovered by a first lenticular lens 46, display pixels 22-3 and 22-4 arecovered by a second lenticular lens 46, and display pixels 22-5 and 22-6are covered by a third lenticular lens 46. The lenticular lenses mayredirect light from the display pixels to enable stereoscopic viewing ofthe display.

Consider the example of display 14 being viewed by a viewer with a firsteye (e.g., a right eye) 48-1 and a second eye (e.g., a left eye) 48-2.Light from pixel 22-1 is directed by the lenticular lens film indirection 40-1 towards left eye 48-2, light from pixel 22-2 is directedby the lenticular lens film in direction 40-2 towards right eye 48-1,light from pixel 22-3 is directed by the lenticular lens film indirection 40-3 towards left eye 48-2, light from pixel 22-4 is directedby the lenticular lens film in direction 40-4 towards right eye 48-1,light from pixel 22-5 is directed by the lenticular lens film indirection 40-5 towards left eye 48-2, light from pixel 22-6 is directedby the lenticular lens film in direction 40-6 towards right eye 48-1. Inthis way, the viewer's right eye 48-1 receives images from pixels 22-2,22-4, and 22-6, whereas left eye 48-2 receives images from pixels 22-1,22-3, and 22-5. Pixels 22-2, 22-4, and 22-6 may be used to display aslightly different image than pixels 22-1, 22-3, and 22-5. Consequently,the viewer may perceive the received images as a singlethree-dimensional image.

Pixels of the same color may be covered by a respective lenticular lens46. In one example, pixels 22-1 and 22-2 may be red pixels that emit redlight, pixels 22-3 and 22-4 may be green pixels that emit green light,and pixels 22-5 and 22-6 may be blue pixels that emit blue light. Thisexample is merely illustrative. In general, each lenticular lens maycover any desired number of pixels each having any desired color. Thelenticular lens may cover a plurality of pixels having the same color,may cover a plurality of pixels each having different colors, may covera plurality of pixels with some pixels being the same color and somepixels being different colors, etc.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative stereoscopicdisplay showing how the stereoscopic display may be viewable by multipleviewers. The stereoscopic display of FIG. 3 may have one optimal viewingposition (e.g., one viewing position where the images from the displayare perceived as three-dimensional). The stereoscopic display of FIG. 4may have two optimal viewing positions (e.g., two viewing positionswhere the images from the display are perceived as three-dimensional).

Display 14 may be viewed by both a first viewer with a right eye 48-1and a left eye 48-2 and a second viewer with a right eye 48-3 and a lefteye 48-4. Light from pixel 22-1 is directed by the lenticular lens filmin direction 40-1 towards left eye 48-4, light from pixel 22-2 isdirected by the lenticular lens film in direction 40-2 towards right eye48-3, light from pixel 22-3 is directed by the lenticular lens film indirection 40-3 towards left eye 48-2, light from pixel 22-4 is directedby the lenticular lens film in direction 40-4 towards right eye 48-1,light from pixel 22-5 is directed by the lenticular lens film indirection 40-5 towards left eye 48-4, light from pixel 22-6 is directedby the lenticular lens film in direction 40-6 towards right eye 48-3,light from pixel 22-7 is directed by the lenticular lens film indirection 40-7 towards left eye 48-2, light from pixel 22-8 is directedby the lenticular lens film in direction 40-8 towards right eye 48-1,light from pixel 22-9 is directed by the lenticular lens film indirection 40-9 towards left eye 48-4, light from pixel 22-10 is directedby the lenticular lens film in direction 40-10 towards right eye 48-3,light from pixel 22-11 is directed by the lenticular lens film indirection 40-11 towards left eye 48-2, and light from pixel 22-12 isdirected by the lenticular lens film in direction 40-12 towards righteye 48-1. In this way, the first viewer's right eye 48-1 receives imagesfrom pixels 22-4, 22-8, and 22-12, whereas left eye 48-2 receives imagesfrom pixels 22-3, 22-7, and 22-11. Pixels 22-4, 22-8, and 22-12 may beused to display a slightly different image than pixels 22-3, 22-7, and22-11. Consequently, the first viewer may perceive the received imagesas a single three-dimensional image. Similarly, the second viewer'sright eye 48-3 receives images from pixels 22-2, 22-6, and 22-10,whereas left eye 48-4 receives images from pixels 22-1, 22-5, and 22-9.Pixels 22-2, 22-6, and 22-10 may be used to display a slightly differentimage than pixels 22-1, 22-5, and 22-9. Consequently, the second viewermay perceive the received images as a single three-dimensional image.

Pixels of the same color may be covered by a respective lenticular lens46. In one example, pixels 22-1, 22-2, 22-3, and 22-4 may be red pixelsthat emit red light, pixels 22-5, 22-6, 22-7, and 22-8 may be greenpixels that emit green light, and pixels 22-9, 22-10, 22-11, and 22-12may be blue pixels that emit blue light. This example is merelyillustrative. The display may be used to present the samethree-dimensional image to both viewers or may present differentthree-dimensional images to different viewers. In some cases, controlcircuitry in the electronic device 10 may use eye and/or head trackingsystem 18 to track the position of one or more viewers and displaycontent on the display based on the detected position of the one or moreviewers.

It should be understood that the lenticular lens shapes and directionalarrows of FIGS. 3 and 4 are merely illustrative. The actual rays oflight from each pixel may follow more complicated paths (e.g., withredirection occurring due to refraction, total internal reflection,etc.). Additionally, light from each pixel may be emitted over a rangeof angles. The lenticular display may also have lenticular lenses of anydesired shape or shapes. Each lenticular lens may have a width thatcovers two pixels, three pixels, four pixels, more than four pixels,more than ten pixels, etc. Each lenticular lens may have a length thatextends across the entire display (e.g., parallel to columns of pixelsin the display).

FIG. 5 is a top view of an illustrative lenticular lens film that may beincorporated into a lenticular display. As shown in FIG. 5, elongatedlenses 46 extend across the display parallel to the Y-axis. For example,the cross-sectional side view of FIGS. 3 and 4 may be taken looking indirection 50. The lenticular display may include any desired number oflenticular lenses 46 (e.g., more than 10, more than 100, more than1,000, more than 10,000, etc.).

FIG. 6 is a side view of an illustrative planar lenticular display. Thepixels in the display may emit light over an emission angle 52(sometimes referred to as an emission cone) that is controlled at leastin part by the lenticular lens film of the display. The display may beviewable across a range of viewing angles that correspond to theemission angles of the display pixels. For example, viewing cone 54F maycorrespond to a viewer looking at display 14 from the front of thedisplay (e.g., at an on-axis direction parallel to the display's surfacenormal 56). Viewing cone 54A may correspond to a viewer looking atdisplay 14 in a direction that is angled by 15° relative to the surfacenormal 56. As shown in FIG. 6, from both the front view 54F and angledview 54A, the viewing cone overlaps the emission cones of the displaypixels. Therefore, a viewer may properly see the pixels on both the leftside of the display, the center of the display, and the right side ofthe display. This may be true across viewing angles from 0° (e.g.,parallel to the surface normal) to ±15°. Beyond 15°, the viewer may notbe able to properly see certain pixels (e.g., pixels at the edges of thedisplay). The lenticular lens film used in the display of FIG. 6 maytherefore be considered a 15° field-of-view film (because the filmenables a viewer to properly view the display at angles between −15° and+15° relative to the surface normal of the display).

FIG. 6 shows an example of a planar display. However, in some electronicdevices, it may be desirable for display 14 to be curved. Curvingdisplay 14 may allow the display to conform to a desired form factor forthe electronic device 10, may provide a desired aesthetic appearance,etc. The display may have concave curvature or convex curvature.

Providing curvature in a lenticular display may impact the performanceof the lenticular display. In particular, the curvature of the displaymeans that the angle of the surface of the display relative to theviewer is not constant. This may make it difficult for all of the pixelsin the lenticular display to be properly viewable.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticulardisplay having convex curvature. In other words, the edges of thedisplay are curved away from the emission direction of the display. Thelenticular display of FIG. 7 may use the same lenticular lens film asthe display of FIG. 6, meaning that angle 52 in FIG. 7 is the same asangle 52 in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 7, the convex curvature oflenticular display 14 causes some of the pixels to fall outside of theviewing cone of the viewer. Similar to FIG. 6, viewing cone 54Fcorresponds to a viewer looking at display 14 from the front of thedisplay (e.g., at an on-axis direction parallel to the display's surfacenormal 56 at the center of the display). Viewing cone 54A may correspondto a viewer looking at display 14 in a direction that is angled by 15°relative to the surface normal 56.

As shown by viewing cone 54F, a viewer from the front of the display canproperly see a pixel at the center of the display. However, the emissioncones of the pixels at the left and right edges of the display are toonarrow to overlap with viewing cone 54F. A viewer at the front of thedisplay therefore will not see the pixels at the left and right edges ofthe display. As shown by viewing cone 54A, a viewer from an off-axisposition can properly see pixels at the center of the display and at theright edge of the display. However, the emission cones of the pixels atthe left edge of the display do not overlap viewing cone 54A. A viewerat the 15° angle may therefore not properly see pixels on the far edgeof the display.

To enable convex curvature in lenticular displays, the lenticular lensfilm may be modified to increase the angle of the emission cone of lightfrom the pixels. For example, the lenticular lens film may havelenticular lenses with more curvature. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional sideview of a display of this type. As shown in FIG. 8, the display pixelsmay have an emission angle 52 that is larger than the emission angle ofthe display pixels in FIGS. 6 and 7. The emission angle in FIG. 8 may be60° in one illustrative example (e.g., ±30°). This is in contrast to theemission angle in FIG. 7 which may be 30° in one illustrative example(e.g., ±15°).

Similar to FIGS. 6 and 7, viewing cone 54F in FIG. 8 corresponds to aviewer looking at display 14 from the front of the display (e.g., at anon-axis direction parallel to the display's surface normal 56 at thecenter of the display). Viewing cone 54A may correspond to a viewerlooking at display 14 in a direction that is angled by 15° relative tothe surface normal 56.

As shown in FIG. 8, from both the front view 54F and angled view 54A,the viewing cone overlaps the emission cone of the display pixels.Therefore, a viewer may properly see the pixels on the left side of thedisplay, the center of the display, and the right side of the display.This may be true across viewing angles from 0° (e.g., parallel to thesurface normal 56) to ±15°.

Lenticular display 14 with convex curvature may have a width 62, height64, and radius of curvature 66. Width 62 may refer to the width of thefootprint of display 14 (e.g., the width of the outline of the displaywhen viewed from above, not accounting for the display's curvature).Width 62 may sometimes be referred to as a footprint width. Display 14may also have a panel width that refers to the width of display 14before bending occurs. Height 64 may refer to the vertical distance(e.g., along the Z-axis) between the upper-most portion of the uppersurface of the display (e.g., the center of the display) and thelower-most portion of the upper surface of the display (e.g., the leftand right edges of the display). In FIG. 8, width 62 may be between 100and 200 millimeters, greater than 60 millimeters, greater than 100millimeters, greater than 150 millimeters, greater than 200 millimeters,greater than 500 millimeters, greater than 1,000 millimeters, less than300 millimeters, less than 200 millimeters, between 125 and 175millimeters etc. Height 64 may be greater than 1 millimeter, greaterthan 2 millimeters, greater than 4 millimeters, greater than 5millimeters, greater than 10 millimeters, greater than 100 millimeters,between 5 and 10 millimeters, less than 10 millimeters, between 5 and 7millimeters, etc. In one illustrative arrangement, width 62 isapproximately (e.g., within 10% of) 150 millimeters and height 64 isapproximately (e.g., within 10% of) 6 millimeters.

The curvature of the display in FIG. 8 may also be characterized byradius of curvature 66. The radius of curvature refers to the radius ofthe circular arc that best approximates the curve at that point.Therefore, a large radius of curvature indicates a mild curvature(because the curve develops over a longer distance) whereas a smallradius of curvature indicates tight curvature (because the curvedevelops over a shorter distance). In FIG. 8, the radius of curvature isuniform across the display. The radius of curvature may be approximately(e.g., within 10%) of 400 millimeters. This example is merelyillustrative, and the radius of curvature may be lower or higher ifdesired (e.g., greater than 400 millimeters, greater than 600millimeters, greater than 800 millimeters, greater than 1,000millimeters, less than 800 millimeters, less than 500 millimeters, lessthan 400 millimeters, less than 300 millimeters, less than 200millimeters, etc.).

In some cases, it may be desirable to form a lenticular display withmore curvature than the lenticular display in FIG. 8. For example, alarger degree of curvature may be desired to match the form factor ofthe electronic device. The radius of curvature may be reduced toincrease curvature in the display. However, the pixels may then not beproperly viewable (similar to as shown in connection with FIG. 7). InFIG. 8, the emission angle 52 is already increased relative to FIG. 7,yet viewing cone 54A barely overlaps the emission cone 52. Therefore, toenable proper pixel viewing with a higher degree of curvature, theemission angle would have to be increased. However, this may not bepossible due to constraints in the lenticular lens film manufacturingprocess. The emission angle 52 in FIG. 8 may be the maximum possibleemission angle for the lenticular lens film. Therefore, the emissionangle cannot be increased to accommodate increased convex curvature inthe display.

In addition to or instead of modifying the lenticular lens film forincreased emission angle, other techniques may be used to enable formingof stereoscopic displays with desired convex curvature. One way toincrease the curvature of the display while avoiding visible artifactsis to have non-stereoscopic regions along the edges of the display. Thenon-stereoscopic regions may be configured to present two-dimensionalcontent instead of three-dimensional content. Accordingly, the viewingangle constraints for the non-stereoscopic regions may be alleviated.This allows for a greater degree of curvature to be used in the display.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional side view of a lenticular display withnon-stereoscopic portions for increased convex curvature. As shown inFIG. 9, the display has a central stereoscopic portion 72. The displayalso has non-stereoscopic portions 74-1 and 74-2 that are formed aroundthe central stereoscopic portion along the left and right edges of thedisplay, respectively.

In non-stereoscopic display portions 74-1 and 74-2, pixel data may beused such that the same image is provided to both the left and right eyeof the user. This prevents the user from perceiving a three-dimensionalimage in this area. However, the pixels in these regions may be properlyviewed from a wide range of viewing angles, not just viewing angles thatoverlap emission cones 52. This effectively removes any viewing angleconstraints for the pixels in non-stereoscopic portions 74-1 and 74-2.The viewing angle constraints may still be present for the pixels instereoscopic portion 72, but the reduced width of this portion (due tothe presence of the non-stereoscopic portions) allows for moreaggressive curvature of the display.

As shown in FIG. 9, from both the front view 54F and angled view 54A,the viewing cone overlaps the emission cone of the display pixels.Therefore, a viewer may properly see the pixels on the left side of thestereoscopic portion of the display, the center of the stereoscopicportion of the display, and the right side of the stereoscopic portionof the display. This may be true across viewing angles from 0° (e.g.,parallel to the surface normal 56) to ±15°. Because the pixels innon-stereoscopic display portions 74-1 and 74-2 are not constrained toviewing within angle 52, the pixels in non-stereoscopic display portions74-1 and 74-2 may also be viewable from both the front view 54F and theangled view 54A.

In FIG. 9, width 62 may be the same as the width 62 in FIG. 8.Alternatively, the panel width in FIG. 9 may be the same as the panelwidth in FIG. 8 and the footprint width 62 in FIG. 9 may be smaller thanthe footprint width in FIG. 8 due to the increased curvature in FIG. 9.Width 62 in FIG. 9 may be between 100 and 200 millimeters, greater than60 millimeters, greater than 100 millimeters, greater than 150millimeters, greater than 200 millimeters, greater than 500 millimeters,greater than 1,000 millimeters, less than 300 millimeters, less than 200millimeters, between 125 and 175 millimeters etc. Height 64 in FIG. 9may be greater than height 64 in FIG. 8, due to the increased curvatureof the display. Height 64 may be greater than 1 millimeter, greater than2 millimeters, greater than 4 millimeters, greater than 5 millimeters,greater than 10 millimeters, greater than 15 millimeters, greater than20 millimeters, greater than 100 millimeters, between 5 and 10millimeters, between 10 and 15 millimeters, between 11 and 13millimeters, less than 10 millimeters, etc. In one illustrativearrangement, display 14 in FIG. 9 has a width 62 of approximately (e.g.,within 10% of) 150 millimeters and a height 64 of approximately (e.g.,within 10% of) 12 millimeters.

The curvature of the display in FIG. 9 may also be characterized byradius of curvature 66. In FIG. 9, the radius of curvature is uniformacross the display. The radius of curvature 66 in FIG. 9 is smaller thanthe radius of curvature 66 in FIG. 8 due to the increased curvature inFIG. 9. The radius of curvature may be approximately (e.g., within 10%of) 290 millimeters. This example is merely illustrative, and the radiusof curvature may be lower or higher if desired (e.g., greater than 200millimeters, greater than 400 millimeters, greater than 600 millimeters,greater than 800 millimeters, greater than 1,000 millimeters, less than800 millimeters, less than 500 millimeters, less than 400 millimeters,less than 300 millimeters, less than 200 millimeters, between 250 and350 millimeters, etc.).

FIG. 10 is a top view of an illustrative lenticular display with astereoscopic zone and non-stereoscopic zones. As shown in FIG. 10, thedisplay may have a stereoscopic zone 72 (sometimes referred to asstereoscopic region, stereoscopic portion, three-dimensional portion,central portion, etc.) that is interposed between non-stereoscopic zone74-1 and non-stereoscopic zone 74-2 (sometimes referred to asnon-stereoscopic regions, non-stereoscopic portions, two-dimensionalportions, edge portions, etc.). The stereoscopic zone may presentthree-dimensional content for the viewer whereas the non-stereoscopiczones may present two-dimensional content for the viewer. The presenceof the non-stereoscopic zones may enable more convex curvature in thedisplay without disruption to the stereoscopic viewing in thestereoscopic zone.

Each zone of the display may have any desired width. Stereoscopic zone72 may have a width 82 (either a footprint width or a panel width) thatis between 100 and 200 millimeters, greater than 50 millimeters, greaterthan 75 millimeters greater than 100 millimeters, greater than 150millimeters, greater than 200 millimeters, greater than 500 millimeters,greater than 1,000 millimeters, less than 300 millimeters, less than 200millimeters, less than 150 millimeters, between 80 and 150 millimeters,between 100 and 120 millimeters etc. Non-stereoscopic zone 74-1 may havea width 84 (either a footprint width or a panel width) that is greaterthan 5 millimeters, greater than 10 millimeters, greater than 15millimeters, greater than 20 millimeters, greater than 50 millimeters,greater than 100 millimeters, greater than 300 millimeters, between 10and 30 millimeters, between 10 and 60 millimeters, between 15 and 25millimeters, less than 40 millimeters, etc. Non-stereoscopic zone 74-2may have a width 86 (either a footprint width or a panel width) that isgreater than 5 millimeters, greater than 10 millimeters, greater than 15millimeters, greater than 20 millimeters, greater than 50 millimeters,greater than 100 millimeters, greater than 300 millimeters, between 10and 30 millimeters, between 10 and 60 millimeters, between 15 and 25millimeters, less than 40 millimeters, etc. Decreasing the width ofstereoscopic zone 72 (and accordingly, increasing the width of thenon-stereoscopic zones) may increase the maximum allowable curvature ofthe display. However, decreasing the width of the stereoscopic portionreduces the amount of three-dimensional content that can be displayedusing the lenticular display. These factors may be balanced based on thedesign requirements for a particular lenticular display.

FIGS. 7-9 have shown examples of displays with a uniform radius ofcurvature across the display. These examples are merely illustrative.Some lenticular displays may have varying curvature across the display.FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view of a lenticular display with twodifferent radii of curvature. As shown in FIG. 11, stereoscopic portion72 may have a first radius of curvature 66. The display may also includenon-stereoscopic portions 74-1 and 74-2. Because the non-stereoscopicportions are not used to present three-dimensional content, theseportions may be less constrained in their radius of curvature.Therefore, if useful to fit a desired form factor, the non-stereoscopicportions of the display may have a higher degree of curvature than thestereoscopic portions of the display. FIG. 11 shows dashed lines 92 toindicate the position of the non-stereoscopic display portions if thecurvature remained uniform across the entire display. Instead, the radiiof curvature 88 and 90 are smaller than the radius of curvature 66. Thedisplay is therefore more curved in edge portions 74-1 and 74-2 than incentral portion 72.

Having more curvature in non-stereoscopic portions 74-1 and 74-2 allowsfor the display height 64 in FIG. 11 to be larger than in FIG. 9 (whenuniform curvature is used). Height 64 in FIG. 11 may be greater than 1millimeter, greater than 2 millimeters, greater than 4 millimeters,greater than 5 millimeters, greater than 10 millimeters, greater than 12millimeters, greater than 15 millimeters, greater than 20 millimeters,greater than 50 millimeters, greater than 100 millimeters, between 10and 15 millimeters, between 10 and 20 millimeters, between 8 and 40millimeters, less than 40 millimeters, etc.

The radius of curvature 66 may be approximately (e.g., within 10%) of290 millimeters. This example is merely illustrative, and radius ofcurvature 66 may be lower or higher if desired (e.g., greater than 200millimeters, greater than 400 millimeters, greater than 600 millimeters,greater than 800 millimeters, greater than 1,000 millimeters, less than800 millimeters, less than 500 millimeters, less than 400 millimeters,less than 300 millimeters, less than 200 millimeters, between 250 and350 millimeters, etc.). Radius of curvature 88 may be less than 290millimeters, less than 250 millimeters, less than 200 millimeters,greater than 200 millimeters, greater than 250 millimeters, greater than500 millimeters, greater than 1,000 millimeters, less than 800millimeters, less than 500 millimeters, less than 400 millimeters, lessthan 200 millimeters, between 150 and 300 millimeters, etc. Radius ofcurvature 90 may be less than 290 millimeters, less than 250millimeters, less than 200 millimeters, greater than 200 millimeters,greater than 250 millimeters, greater than 500 millimeters, greater than1,000 millimeters, less than 800 millimeters, less than 500 millimeters,less than 400 millimeters, less than 200 millimeters, between 150 and300 millimeters, etc. Radius of curvature 88 may the same or may bedifferent than radius of curvature 90.

If desired, the radius of curvature may vary within stereoscopic region72. In general, the radius of curvature of any portion of display 14 maybe selected based on the particular design and form factor of thelenticular display.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device witha display having both stereoscopic and non-stereoscopic portions.Electronic device 10 may include a graphics processing unit 94 thatprovides image data (e.g., brightness values to be used for each pixel)to display driver circuitry 30. Display driver circuitry 30 may supplythe image data to data lines D of the display. The images correspondingto the image data are then displayed using display pixels 22 oflenticular display 14.

As shown in FIG. 12, graphics processing unit 94 (GPU) may provide boththree-dimensional content (e.g., stereoscopic image content) andtwo-dimensional content (e.g., non-stereoscopic image content) to thedisplay driver circuitry 30. The three-dimensional content may beconfigured to be displayed in the stereoscopic portion of the displaywhereas the two-dimensional content may be configured to be displayed onthe non-stereoscopic portions of the display. The two-dimensionalcontent may include duplicate values for some of the display pixels toensure that the pixel appears the same regardless of viewing angle. Inother words, the pixels are provided with image data such that the sameimage is provided to the left and right eye of the user. This prevents athree-dimensional image from being perceived by the user, but avoidserrors that may be caused due to having a lenticular display with convexcurvature.

The example in FIG. 12 of a graphics processing unit 94 providing theimage data to display driver circuitry 30 is merely illustrative. Ingeneral, any desired circuitry or display component may be used toprovide the image data to display driver circuitry 30.

In some cases, display 14 may be operable in multiple modes. FIG. 13 isa state diagram showing illustrative modes of operation for display 14.As shown, the display may operate in a two-dimensional display mode 96and a three-dimensional display mode 98. In the two-dimensional displaymode 96, the entire display may be treated as non-stereoscopic. Thepixel data may be selected such that the displayed image appears thesame in both eyes, preventing the stereoscopic effect that results inperception of a three-dimensional image. In three-dimensional displaymode 98, three-dimensional image data may be provided to thestereoscopic portion(s) of the display. For example, stereoscopicportion 72 may be used to present three-dimensional content. In thethree-dimensional display mode, non-stereoscopic display portions suchas non-stereoscopic display portions 74-1 and 74-2 in FIG. 13 may stillpresent two-dimensional content in order to enable increased curvatureof the lenticular display.

FIGS. 14A and 14B show another technique for enabling increased convexcurvature in lenticular displays. In particular, the lenticular lensesmay have a varying shape across the display to direct the light in adesired direction. FIG. 14A shows a lenticular display with shiftedlenticular lenses before the lenticular display is curved. As shown inFIG. 14A, lenticular display 14 has display pixels 22 on a substrate 36,similar to as discussed previously. Lenticular lens film 42 includeslenticular lenses 46 on a base film 44. Each lenticular lens may have anaxis 102 that corresponds to the primary emission direction of lightthat is redirected by the lens (e.g., the direction of a chief rayassociated with the lenticular lens). Said another way, light may beredirected by the lenticular lens to have an emission cone with a centerdefined by axis 102. The shape of the lens may be shifted in order tocontrol the direction of axis 102. To allow for increased convexcurvature in the display, the axis of each lenticular lens may varydepending on the position of the lenticular lens within the display.

As shown in FIG. 14A, the angle of axis 102 relative to the planar uppersurface of base film 44 varies among the lenticular lenses. A lenticularlens at the center of the display may have an axis at an angle 104relative to the planar upper surface of base film 44. Angle 104 may be90°, indicating how the light from the lenticular lens may be emitted ina direction orthogonal to the upper surface of the base film. However,as the lenticular lenses move closer to the edge of the display, theangle of axis 102 may decrease. A lenticular lens at the edge of thedisplay may have an axis 102 at an angle 106 relative to the uppersurface of base film 44. Angle 106 may be less than 90°, less than 85°,less than 80°, less than 70°, less than 60°, less than 50°, less than45°, more than 45°, more than 70°, between 45° and 85°, etc.

The angle of each lenticular lens axis relative to the base film mayprogressively decrease from a maximum at the center of the display(e.g., 90°) to a minimum at the edge of the display. The angle of eachaxis may decrease continuously and monotonically, or may decreaseaccording to a step function. There may be at least two different anglespresent in the display, at least three different angles present in thedisplay, at least five different angles present in the display, at leastten different angles present in the display, etc. The lens shape may beshifted (e.g., distorted, made asymmetric, etc.) in order to control theaxis of the lens. Accordingly, the lens shape may progressively shiftfrom a symmetric shape at the center of the display to a maximallyshifted shape at the edge of the display. The amount of shift in eachlenticular lens shape may increase continuously and monotonically fromthe center to the edge or may increase according to a step function.There may be at least two different lens shapes present in the display,at least three different lens shapes present in the display, at leastfive different lens shapes present in the display, at least tendifferent lens shapes present in the display, etc.

The lenticular lens shapes may be shifted such that light from thedisplay is emitted in an on-axis direction after the display is curved.FIG. 14B shows a cross-sectional side view of the lenticular display ina curved state. As shown, the shift of the lens results in the axes 102being parallel to the Z-axis, regardless of whether the lens is in thecenter of the display or the edge of the display. Therefore, the shiftedshapes of lenticular lenses 46 in FIGS. 14A and 14B can be used toredirect the light in the Z-direction. This may enable more curvature inthe display, as edge pixels may still be able to presentthree-dimensional content despite the curvature due to the shiftedlenticular lenses. The example in FIG. 14B where each axis 102 isparallel to the Z-axis is merely illustrative. In general, lenticularlenses 46 may be shifted such that the axes 102 are closer to beingparallel to the Z-axis, but the axes may still not all be parallel withthe Z-axis.

Although only half of the display is shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, itshould be understood that this technique may be used for both halves ofthe lenticular display. On both halves of the display, one or morelenticular lenses may have shapes that are distorted to cause light tobe redirected more towards the center of the display (in a planarconfiguration) and therefore closer to the Z-axis (in a bentconfiguration).

Another potential problem that may affect lenticular displays is errorsdue to crosstalk. FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional side view of a lenticulardisplay illustrating this issue. As shown in FIG. 15, pixels in thedisplay may emit light over an emission angle 52 (sometimes referred toas an emission cone) that is controlled at least in part by thelenticular lens film of the display. The optimal viewing angle of thedisplay may only correspond to emission area 113. However, the lightemitted in regions 114 and 116 may still be viewable by viewers at largeviewing angles outside of the normal field of view. The light emitted inregions 114 and 116 may cause image inversion or repeated pixels forthese viewers. These type of noticeable defects in the displayed imageare undesirable.

To block crosstalk that causes noticeable defects in a lenticulardisplay, a louver film may be incorporated into the display. FIG. 16 isa cross-sectional side view of a lenticular display with a louver film.As shown in FIG. 16, louver film 112 may be interposed between displaypanel 20 and lenticular lens film 42. The louver film may block lightpast certain viewing angles. This ensures that light corresponding tothe optimal viewing angle is still emitted from the display (as shown byemission area 113 in FIG. 16). However, light outside of this area isblocked by louver film 112. Accordingly, the light from regions 114 and116 in FIG. 15 is not present in FIG. 16. Outside of the optimal fieldof view, the display pixels will simply appear dark instead ofpresenting a repeated or incorrect image to the viewer.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional side view of a lenticular display showing adetailed view of a louver film included in the lenticular display.Display 14 includes pixels 22 on substrate 36. Substrate 36 may beformed from glass, metal, plastic, ceramic, or other substrate materialsand pixels 22 may be organic light-emitting diode pixels, liquid crystaldisplay pixels, or any other desired type of pixels. Lenticular lensfilm 42 may be formed over the display pixels. Lenticular lens film 42includes lenses 46 and a base film portion 44.

The display of FIG. 17 also includes a polarizer 122 formed over displaypixels 22. Polarizer 122 may be a linear polarizer (e.g., formed fromlayers of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and tri-acetate cellulose (TAC) orformed from other desired materials). Louver film 112 is interposedbetween polarizer 122 and lenticular lens film 42. The louver filmincludes both transparent portions 118 and opaque portions 120. Thetransparent portions of the louver film may be formed from a polymermaterial such as polycarbonate (PC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA),polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc. The transparent portions of thelouver film may be formed from other materials such as glass if desired.The transparent portions of the louver film may transmit more than 90%of light, more than 95% of light, more than 99% of light, etc.

Opaque portions 120 of the louver film may be formed from an opaquematerial. For example, the opaque portions may transmit less than 50% oflight, less than 40% of light, less than 30% of light, less than 20% oflight, less than 10% of light, less than 5% of light, less than 1% oflight, etc. The opaque portions may be formed from an opaque polymermaterial or an opaque material of another type. The opaque portions mayextend from an upper surface of the louver film to a lower surface ofthe louver film. Opaque portions 120 may sometimes be referred to asopaque walls. The opaque portions may be elongated parallel to theY-axis, similar to the pattern for the lenticular lenses shown in FIG.5. Each opaque portion may extend in the Y-direction across the entiredisplay.

Due to the presence of opaque portions 120, the angle of light emittedthrough transparent portions 118 is limited. The angle of emissionthrough the louver film may be less than ±10°, less than ±15°, less than±20°, less than ±30°, less than ±40°, between ±10° and ±30°, between±10° and ±20°, etc. Because louver film 112 reduces theangle-of-emission and accordingly the viewing angle of the display,louver film 112 may sometimes be referred to as an angle-of-emissionreduction layer 112, a viewing angle reduction layer 112, an emissionangle reduction angle 112, etc. The louver film may also be referred toas privacy film 112.

As shown in FIG. 18, in some cases an additional film may be formed overlenticular lens film 42. Film 128 may conform to the upper surface oflenticular lens film 42. The film may have a smooth upper surface 130and curved lower surface 132 that directly contacts the upper surface oflens film 42. Forming film 128 over the lens film may provide a smoothupper surface (instead of the non-uniform upper surface of lens film42), which may provide manufacturing benefits. Covering lens film 42with film 128 may also protect lens film 42 from damage.

Film 128 may be formed from a transparent material (e.g., a polymermaterial) having a low index-of-refraction. For example, theindex-of-refraction of film 128 may be less than 1.4, less than 1.3,less than 1.2, less than 1.1, etc. Forming film 128 from a low-indexmaterial may improve the lens power of lenticular lenses 46 relative toarrangements where a higher-index film is used. Film 128 may sometimesbe referred to as a low-index film, protective film, planarization film,low-index layer, protective layer, or planarization layer.

If desired, opaque portions 120 may be selectively opaque. For example,the opaque portions 120 may be switched between a transparent state andan opaque state. The opaque portions may only have two states (e.g.,fully transparent and fully opaque) or may have additional statesbetween the two extremes if desired. To switch the transparency ofselectively opaque portions 120, control circuitry 16 may apply signalsto contact 124 and/or contact 126. In one example, opaque portions 120may be formed from a liquid crystal material. Control circuitry 16 mayapply different voltages to electrodes on either side of the opaqueportion (e.g., at contacts 124 and 126) to control the transparency ofthe opaque portions. In another example, the opaque portions may includeelectronic ink (e.g., negatively and positively charged black and whiteparticles that are suspended in a clear fluid). Control circuitry mayapply signals to contact 124 and/or contact 126 to change the opacity ofselectively opaque portion 120 to control the emission angle of thedisplay.

Control circuitry 16 may control all of the opaque portions in thedisplay universally or may have per-opaque-portion control. In somecases, control circuitry 16 may control some selectively opaque portionsto be transparent and some selectively opaque portions to be opaque atthe same time. In one example, control circuitry 16 may control theopacity of the selectively opaque portions based on information from eyeand/or head tracking system. For example, based on the user's headand/or eye position, the control circuitry may make some of the portions120 opaque to block cross-talk.

The example in FIGS. 17 and 18 of having louver film 112 formedseparately from lenticular lens film 42 is merely illustrative. As shownin FIG. 19, in one possible embodiment the opaque portions of the louverfilm may be incorporated directly into the base portion of thelenticular lens film. Said another way, the louver film may serve as thebase film for the lenticular lenses. As shown in FIG. 19, base film 44for lenticular lens film 42 includes opaque portions 120. The opaqueportions 120 may be static or may optionally be selectively opaqueportions as shown in FIG. 18. The opaque portions 120 in FIG. 19 mayextend from an upper surface of the base film to a lower surface of thebase film. Opaque portions 120 may sometimes be referred to as opaquewalls. Due to the presence of opaque portions 120, the angle of lightemitted through the display is limited. The angle of emission throughthe louver film may be less than ±10°, less than ±15°, less than ±20°,less than ±30°, less than ±40°, between ±10° and ±30°, between ±10° and±20°, etc.

In FIG. 19, protective film 128 is shown as being formed over lenticularlens film 42. This example is merely illustrative and the protectivefilm may be omitted if desired. Additionally, FIGS. 16-19 have shownillustrative lenticular display arrangements where a louver film isformed below the lenticular lens film. In other words, the light fromthe display pixels reaches the opaque portions 120 before reachinglenticular lenses 46. However, the order of these components may bereversed if desired.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative display havinglenticular lenses interposed between the display pixels and a louverfilm. As shown in FIG. 20, display pixels 22 may be formed on substrate36 and polarizer 122 may be formed over display pixels 22 (similar to asin FIGS. 17-19). However, lenticular lens film 42 is interposed betweenlouver film 112 and polarizer 122. Forming the louver film above thelenticular lens film may desirably reduce specular reflections off ofthe upper surface of the display. The lenticular lens film has a baseportion 44 with lenticular lenses 46. However, the lenticular lenseshave convex curvature that extends towards the display pixels instead ofaway from the display pixels. A low-index film 128 is interposed betweenlenticular lens film 42 and display pixels 22. The low-index film mayform a smooth surface that can be better adhered to polarizer 122.

Louver film 112 with transparent portions 118 and opaque portions 120may be formed over lenticular lens film 42. The louver film operates aspreviously described, limiting the angle of light that may be emittedfrom the display. The angle of emission through the louver film may beless than ±10°, less than ±15°, less than ±20°, less than ±30°, lessthan ±40°, between ±10° and ±30°, between ±10° and ±20°, etc.

In FIG. 20, the opaque portions of the louver film may be incorporatedinto base film 44 of the lenticular lens film instead of havingseparately formed lenticular lens and louver films (similar to as shownin FIG. 19). Additionally, opaque portions 120 in FIG. 20 may beselectively opaque as shown in connection with FIG. 18. In FIGS. 17-20,polarization layer 122 may optionally be omitted if desired. In FIGS.17-20, although a planar portion of the lenticular display is shown, itshould be understood that the lenticular display (and all of itscomponents in each cross-section) may have convex curvature (as in FIG.16) or may be entirely planar.

As shown in FIG. 21, the opaque portions of the louver film may beangled to ultimately be parallel after the louver film is curved. Theopaque portions may be elongated portions that each extend along arespective axis 142. In the center of the curved louver film, axis 142-1may be perpendicular to the upper and lower surfaces of the louver film(and other layers in the display stack). At the edge of the curvedlouver film, axis 142-2 may be angled relative to the upper (and lower)surface of the louver film. Axis 142-2 may be at an angle relative tothe upper surface of the louver film that is less than 90°, less than85°, less than 80°, less than 70°, less than 60°, less than 50°, lessthan 45°, more than 45°, more than 70°, between 45° and 85°, etc. Axis142-2 may be angled such that the axis is parallel to the Z-axis.

The angle of each axis may progressively decrease from a maximum at thecenter of the display (e.g., 90°) to a minimum at each edge of thedisplay. Accordingly, all of the axes 142 for the opaque portions in thelouver film may be parallel (or close to parallel). In other words, theaxes are angled to account for the curvature of the film. The angle ofeach axis may decrease continuously and monotonically from the center tothe edge of the display, or may decrease according to a step function.

This example is merely illustrative. In other arrangements, the axes maynot all be parallel. Any desired pattern of axes may be used to controlthe pattern of light emitted through the louver film.

The parallel opaque portions of the curved film of FIG. 21 may beapplied to the louver film regardless of the rest of the displaystack-up. For example, the opaque portions of FIG. 17 may be angled asin FIG. 21 when the display is curved, the opaque portions of FIG. 18may be angled as in FIG. 21 when the display is curved, the opaqueportions of FIG. 19 may be angled as in FIG. 21 when the display iscurved, and the opaque portions of FIG. 20 may be angled as in FIG. 21when the display is curved.

Additionally, a lenticular display having a louver film may havenon-stereoscopic regions (as in FIGS. 9 and 10), may have non-uniformradius of curvature across the display (as in FIG. 11), and/or may havelenticular lenses with shifted axes (as in FIGS. 14A and 14B).

FIGS. 22A and 22B are top views of an illustrative display showing howthe lenticular lenses may be at an angle relative to the pixel array. Asshown in FIG. 22A, the display may include a lenticular lens film withlenticular lenses 46. The display may have a rectangular periphery withfirst and second (e.g., upper and lower) opposing edges as well as thirdand fourth (e.g., left and right) opposing edges. FIG. 22A shows upperedge 202 and side edge 204 (e.g., a left edge). Upper edge 202 and 204may be orthogonal, as shown in FIG. 22A. The active area of the displayand a substrate for the display may have corresponding upper, lower,left, and right edges. The example in FIG. 22A of the upper edge 202being orthogonal to left edge 204 is merely illustrative. If desired,there may be a rounded corner between the adjacent edges in the display.The display may also include interruptions such as notches or holes inthe active area.

Each lenticular lens 46 in the display may extend along a correspondinglongitudinal axis 206 (shown in FIG. 22A). In other words, thelenticular lens may have a width, a length, and a height. The length maybe greater than the width and height (e.g., by a factor of more than 10,more than 100, more than 1,000, etc.) and the longitudinal axis mayextend parallel to the length of the lenticular lens.

As shown in FIG. 22A, the lenticular lenses may be at an angle 208relative to the upper edge 202 of the display. In this case, angle 208is less than 90°. The lenticular lenses may be referred to as beingangled relative to the display. Angle 208 (e.g., the lower of the twosupplementary angles that may be measured between axis 206 and upperedge 202) may be any desired angle (e.g., less than 90°, less than 85°,less than 80°, less than 70°, less than 60°, between 60° and 90°,between 60° and 80°, between 65° and 80°, between 65° and 75°, etc.).The lenticular lenses may also be at an angle relative to the pixelarray.

FIG. 22B is a top view of an illustrative pixel array that is covered bylenticular lenses 46 from FIG. 22A. As shown in FIG. 22B, each pixel 22may include a red sub-pixel R, a green sub-pixel G, and a blue sub-pixelB. Each pixel 22 may have the same sub-pixel layout (e.g., thesub-pixels are in the same relative location in each pixel in thearray).

In FIG. 22B, the pixels are arranged in a grid such that each row ofpixels is placed directly below the preceding row of pixels. Considerthe center of each red sub-pixel as an indicator of the pixel layout.The red sub-pixels are arranged in a line 210 that extends verticallyacross the display. In other words, line 210 is parallel to the leftedge 204 of the display and orthogonal to the upper edge 202 of thedisplay. This may be referred to as a vertical pixel pattern (becauseeach pixel is positioned vertically below the pixel in the row above).Said another way, there is no lateral shift between each row and apreceding row.

The longitudinal axis 206 of a lenticular lens is overlaid on FIG. 22Bto show the angle between the longitudinal axis 206 and the axis 210that defines the pixel pattern. As shown in FIG. 22B, angle 212 betweenthe pixel pattern axis and the longitudinal axis is greater than 0°.Angle 212 may have any desired magnitude (e.g., greater than 0°, greaterthan 5°, greater than

-   -   °, greater than 20°, greater than 30°, between 0° and 30°,        between 10° and 30°, between 10° and 25°, between 15° and 25°,        etc.).

To summarize, in FIGS. 22A and 22B there is an angle (212) between thelongitudinal axes of the lenticular lenses and the underlying pixelpattern. In FIG. 22B, the lenticular lenses are at an angle relative tothe upper edge of the display whereas the pixel array follows a verticalpixel pattern that is orthogonal to the upper edge of the display.However, this example is merely illustrative. If desired, the anglebetween the longitudinal axes of the lenticular lenses and theunderlying pixel pattern may be maintained while having the longitudinalaxes of the lenticular lenses be orthogonal to the upper edge of thedisplay.

FIGS. 23A and 23B are top views of an illustrative display showing howthe pixel rows may be shifted such that there is an angle between thepixel pattern and the lenticular lenses. As shown in FIG. 23A, eachlenticular lens 46 may extend along an axis 206 that is orthogonal tothe upper edge 202 of the display. Having the lenticular lenses 46 runorthogonal to the upper and lower edges of the display (and parallel tothe left and right edges of the display) in this manner may result inthe lenticular lenses being less detectable to a viewer during operationof the display.

Although having lenticular lenses 206 run orthogonal to the edges of thedisplay (as in FIG. 23A) may be desirable for certain design criteria,it may still be desirable for the lenticular lenses to extend diagonallyacross the pixel array. In FIG. 22A, the lenticular lenses extenddiagonally relative to the display borders and the pixel array has avertical layout. In FIGS. 23A and 23B, the lenticular lenses areorthogonal to the display borders and the pixel array may extenddiagonally relative to the display borders.

FIG. 23B is a top view of an illustrative pixel array having a row shiftto produce the desired angle between the pixel array and lenticularlenses. As shown in FIG. 23B, each row of pixels may be offset from theabove row of pixels. Consider the center of each red sub-pixel as anindicator of the pixel layout. The red sub-pixels are arranged in a line210 that extends diagonally across the display. In other words, line 210is not parallel to the left edge 204 of the display and is notorthogonal to the upper edge 202 of the display. This may be referred toas a diagonal pixel pattern or diagonal pixel layout (because each pixelis positioned diagonally below the pixel in the row above).

The longitudinal axis 206 of a lenticular lens is overlaid on FIG. 23Bto show the angle between the longitudinal axis 206 and the axis 210that defines the pixel pattern. As shown in FIG. 23B, angle 212 betweenthe pixel pattern axis and the longitudinal axis is greater than 0°.Angle 212 may have any desired magnitude (e.g., greater than 0°, greaterthan 5°, greater than 10°, greater than 20°, greater than 30°, between0° and 30°, between 10° and 30°, between 10° and 25°, between 15° and25°, between 5° and 30°, etc.).

The diagonal pattern of FIG. 23B may be the result of a shift of eachrow relative to the preceding row. For example, in FIG. 23B each redsub-pixel is laterally sifted by distance 214 relative to the redsub-pixel of the preceding row. This row shift results in the diagonalline 210 that defines the pixel array pattern in FIG. 23B. Distance 214may be greater than 0 and less than the center-to-center pitch ofadjacent pixels in a single row.

The illustrative pixel layouts shown in FIGS. 22B and 23B are merelyillustrative. Other pixel layouts may be used as desired. For example,some pixel layouts may include diamond shaped sub-pixels (e.g.,sub-pixels that are rotated relative to the edges of the display). Theshapes and size of each sub-pixel may be selected based on theparticular design constraints for a given display.

One alternate pixel layout possibility is shown in FIG. 24. The layoutof FIG. 24 is similar to the layout of FIG. 23B. The pixels may have adiagonal layout that follows axis 210 which is at a non-zero angle 212relative to the axis 206 of the lenticular lenses. However, in FIG. 24the orientation of each blue sub-pixel is changed relative to thepattern of FIG. 23B.

As shown in FIG. 24, each blue sub-pixel has a width 216 and a length218 (where the length is longer than the width). In the layout of FIG.23B, the length of each blue sub-pixel extends orthogonal to thelongitudinal axis 206 of the lenticular lenses. To mitigate cross-talk,in FIG. 24 the length of each blue sub-pixel extends parallel to thelongitudinal axis 206 of the lenticular lenses. This results in theshorter dimension of the blue sub-pixels being orthogonal to thelenticular lenses (and the longer dimension of the blue sub-pixels beingparallel to the lenticular lenses). Arranging the blue sub-pixels inthis way may mitigate cross-talk, because a lenticular lens is lesslikely to partially overlap a blue sub-pixel.

Additional pixel layout options are shown in FIGS. 25-27. FIGS. 25-27show illustrative examples where more than one pixel layout is used inthe pixel array. In the example of FIG. 25, the pixels have a diagonalarrangement (as discussed in connection with FIGS. 23B and 24) and maybe covered by vertical lenticular lenses. However, the layout of thepixels vary.

As shown in FIG. 25, the display includes pixels 22-1 with a firstlayout and pixels 22-2 with a second layout. In the first layout (ofpixels 22-1), the blue sub-pixel (B) is oriented vertically (e.g., withthe length extending vertically, parallel to the lenticular lenses)similar to as in FIG. 24. Additionally, pixels 22-1 include a redsub-pixel (R) that is positioned over a green sub-pixel (G). Pixels 22-2have a similar layout to pixels 22-1. However, the layout in pixels 22-2is flipped vertically relative to the layout of pixels 22-1. In pixels22-1, the blue pixel is adjacent to the upper edge of the pixel. Incontrast, in pixel 22-2 the blue pixel is adjacent to the lower edge ofthe pixel. Additionally, in pixel 22-2 the green sub-pixel is positionedabove the red sub-pixel (instead of the opposite arrangement in pixel22-1).

Every other pixel in a given row may have the same layout. As shown inFIG. 25, the pixels 22-1 of the first layout alternate with the pixels22-2 of the second layout. Therefore, each diagonal column of pixels haspixels of a single layout. However, the pixel layout in each columnalternates.

In the example of FIG. 26, the pixels have a diagonal arrangement (asdiscussed in connection with FIGS. 23B and 24) and may be covered byvertical lenticular lenses. The display includes pixels 22-1 with afirst layout and pixels 22-2 with a second layout. In the first layout(of pixels 22-1), the blue sub-pixel (B) is oriented horizontally (e.g.,with the length extending horizontally) similar to as in FIG. 23B.Additionally, pixels 22-1 include a red sub-pixel (R) that is positionedto the left of a green sub-pixel (G). The red and green sub-pixels arepositioned over the blue sub-pixel in pixels 22-1. Pixels 22-2 have asimilar layout to pixels 22-1. However, the layout in pixels 22-2 isflipped vertically relative to the layout of pixels 22-1. In pixels22-1, the blue pixel is adjacent to the lower edge of the pixel. Incontrast, in pixel 22-2 the blue pixel is adjacent to the upper edge ofthe pixel. Additionally, in pixels 22-2 the green and red sub-pixels arepositioned below the blue sub-pixel (instead of the opposite arrangementin pixel 22-1).

Every other pixel in a given row may have the same layout. As shown inFIG. 26, the pixels 22-1 of the first layout alternate with the pixels22-2 of the second layout. Therefore, each diagonal column of pixels haspixels of a single layout. However, the pixel layout in each columnalternates.

In the example of FIG. 27, the pixels again have a diagonal arrangement(as discussed in connection with FIGS. 23B and 24) and may be covered byvertical lenticular lenses. The pixels in FIG. 27 may have diamondand/or triangular shaped sub-pixels (instead of only rectangles as inFIGS. 25 and 26).

As shown in FIG. 27, the display includes pixels 22-1 with a firstlayout and pixels 22-2 with a second layout. In the first layout (ofpixels 22-1), the blue sub-pixel (B) is diamond shaped (e.g., has anedge that is rotated relative to the upper edge of the pixel/display).In other words, the blue sub-pixel has an edge that is neither parallelnor orthogonal to the upper edge of the pixel. Additionally, pixels 22-1include a red sub-pixel (R) that is positioned to the left of a greensub-pixel (G). The red and green sub-pixels have a triangular shape. Thered and green sub-pixels are positioned over the blue sub-pixel in pixel22-1.

Pixels 22-2 have a similar layout to pixels 22-1. However, the layout inpixels 22-2 is flipped vertically relative to the layout of pixels 22-1.In pixels 22-1, the blue pixel is adjacent to the lower edge of thepixel. In contrast, in pixel 22-2 the blue pixel is adjacent to theupper edge of the pixel. Additionally, in pixels 22-2 the green and redsub-pixels are positioned below the blue sub-pixel (instead of theopposite arrangement in pixel 22-1).

Every other pixel in a given row may have the same layout. As shown inFIG. 27, the pixels 22-1 of the first layout alternate with the pixels22-2 of the second layout. Therefore, each diagonal column of pixels haspixels of a single layout. However, the pixel layout in each columnalternates.

The example of diamond and triangular sub-pixels in FIG. 27 is merelyillustrative. In general, each sub-pixel may have any desired shapedepending upon the particular display. The different pixel layouts mayminimize cross-talk and optimize display performance depending on thepixel pitch, lenticular lens layout, etc.

In some cases, different pixel layouts may be used in different portionsof the display. For example, instead of having a uniform pattern acrossthe entire display (e.g., the same layout for every pixel, every othercolumn having pixels with the same layout as in FIGS. 25-27, etc.),different portions of the display may have different pixel layouts(e.g., in a non-periodic manner). For example, the central portion ofthe pixel array may have a different pixel layout pattern than the edgesof the pixel array.

The signal paths such as data lines D and control lines G (sometimesreferred to as gate lines, scan lines, emission control lines, etc.) maybe modified to accommodate the row shifting of the pixel arrays of FIGS.23B and 24-27. In a display with a vertically arranged pixel array(e.g., as in FIG. 22B), the data lines D may all extend in a firstdirection (e.g., orthogonal to the upper edge of the display ororthogonal to a side edge of the display) and the gate lines G may allextend in a second direction that is orthogonal to the first direction.However, the row shift of FIGS. 23B and 24-27 and resulting diagonalpixel array results in modifications to the signal paths.

FIG. 28 is a top view of an illustrative display showing an illustrativeexample where the signal paths 220-1 (e.g., the data lines or the gatelines) extend diagonally across the array in a continuous fashion. Thesignal paths 220-1 may extend parallel to the axis 210 shown in FIG. 23Bor FIG. 24. The signal paths 220-1 (e.g., that extend from the upperedge of the display towards the lower edge of the display) may also beat a non-orthogonal angle relative to additional signal paths 220-2(e.g., that extend from the left edge of the display towards the rightedge of the display). The angle of signal path 220-1 relative to signalpath 220-2 may be less than 90°, less than 85°, less than 80°, less than70°, less than 60°, between 60° and 90°, between 60° and 80°, between65° and 80°, between 65° and 75°, etc.

In some situations, the display driver circuitry may be formed at theupper or lower edge of the display and the gate driver circuitry may beformed at the left or right edge of the display. In these cases, signalpaths 220-1 may be data lines and signal paths 220-2 may be gate lines.In other arrangements, the gate driver circuitry may be formed at theupper or lower edge of the display and the display driver circuitry maybe formed at the left or right edge of the display. In these cases,signal paths 220-1 may be gate lines and signal paths 220-2 may be datalines.

It should be understood that the labeling of the ‘upper’ edge of thedisplay is merely illustrative. In some cases, the display may have anactive area with one or more curved borders (e.g., rounded corners,curved edges, etc.). The edges may therefore not be strictly linear aswith a purely rectangular display. However, the terms upper edge, loweredge, left edge, and right edge may still be used to characterizedisplays of this type. Angles described in relation the edges of thedisplay may also be considered relative to the upper edge of theelectronic device or an approximate edge based on the orientation of thedevice during use. For example, if the device has an active area with acurved upper edge, the aforementioned angles described relative to theupper edge may instead be applicable to a horizontal line that is at thetop of the display during use of the electronic device.

FIG. 29 is a top view of an illustrative display showing an illustrativeexample where the signal paths 220-1 (e.g., the data lines or the gatelines) extend in a zig-zag pattern across the array. The signal paths220-1 may have a zig-zag shape such that the signal paths generallyextend vertically downward instead of both laterally and downward as inFIG. 28. The signal path may have diagonal segments 222 and interveninghorizontal (or substantially horizontal) segments 224. The diagonalsegments may extend both downward and laterally in a first direction.The horizontal segments may then extend laterally in a second directionthat is the opposite of the first direction. The exact path and layoutof the zig-zag signal paths may be selected based on the particularpixel layout of a given display. In general, any desired zig-zag pathsmay be used. Each diagonal and horizontal segment of the zig-zag signalpath may have any desired length and may extend past any desired numberof pixels (e.g., one, two, three, four, more than four, more than ten,more than twenty, between two and ten, etc.).

The diagonal segments 222 may be at a non-orthogonal angle relative toadditional signal paths 220-2 (e.g., that extend from the left edge ofthe display towards the right edge of the display). The angle ofsegments 222 relative to signal path 220-2 may be less than 90°, lessthan 85°, less than 80°, less than 70°, less than 60°, between 60° and90°, between 60° and 80°, between 65° and 80°, between 65° and 75°, etc.Horizontal segments 224 may be parallel to signal path 220-2.

In FIG. 29, it should be understood that in some situations, the displaydriver circuitry may be formed at the upper or lower edge of the displayand the gate driver circuitry may be formed at the left or right edge ofthe display. In these cases, signal paths 220-1 may be data lines andsignal paths 220-2 may be gate lines. In other arrangements, the gatedriver circuitry may be formed at the upper or lower edge of the displayand the display driver circuitry may be formed at the left or right edgeof the display. In these cases, signal paths 220-1 may be gate lines andsignal paths 220-2 may be data lines.

FIG. 30 is a top view of an illustrative display with zig-zag signalpaths showing a specific example where the diagonal segments extend pastfour pixels and the horizontal segments extend past one pixel. Ingeneral, each diagonal segment 222 of signal path 220-1 across the pixelarray may extend diagonally past four pixels. A horizontal segment 224then extends past one pixel horizontally. The horizontal segment may 222may increase the loading on the signal path (e.g., because the signalpath travels a longer distance to reach the next pixel when theintervening horizontal segment is present).

To equalize the loading along the signal path, supplemental segments 226may be included in signal path 220-1. Without supplemental segments 226,the signal path may have an increased load every fourth row (e.g.,because the horizontal segment 224 is required every four rows).Therefore, a supplemental segment 226 may be added to the signal path atthe three rows between the horizontal segments 224. Each supplementalsegment may have a length that is approximately equal to (e.g., within20% of, within 10% of, within 5% of, within 1% of, etc.) the length ofthe horizontal segments 224.

In FIG. 30, supplemental segments 226 are electrically connected to therest of signal paths 220-1. This example is merely illustrative. Inanother possible arrangement, shown in FIG. 31, a display may includezig-zag signal paths with dummy segments. In general, each diagonalsegment 222 of signal path 220-1 across the pixel array may extenddiagonally past four pixels. A horizontal segment 224 then extends pastone pixel horizontally. The horizontal segment may 222 may increase theloading on the signal path (e.g., because the signal path travels alonger distance to reach the next pixel when the intervening horizontalsegment is present).

To equalize the loading along the signal path, dummy segments 221 inFIG. 31 may be interposed between adjacent pixels. For example, thedummy segments may extend horizontally between pixels in the samediagonal column (and different rows) where a horizontal segment 224 isnot already present. Similar to supplemental segments 226 as discussedabove in connection with FIG. 30, dummy segments 221 may equalize theloading across the display. Each dummy segment 221 may be electricallyconnected to a bias voltage (e.g., a ground power supply voltage orpositive power supply voltage). Each dummy segment 221 may have a lengththat is approximately equal to (e.g., within 20% of, within 10% of,within 5% of, within 1% of, etc.) the length of the horizontal segments224.

It should be understood that the aforementioned pixel layouts and signalpath layouts may be used in any combination. Additionally, theaforementioned pixel layouts and signal path layouts may be used for anyof the previously described displays (e.g., convex curved displaysand/or displays including louver films).

The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can bemade to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may beimplemented individually or in any combination.

1. A display comprising: a substrate; an array of pixels formed on thesubstrate and arranged in a plurality of rows and diagonal columns,wherein each row extends in a first direction and wherein each row isshifted in the first direction relative to a preceding row to form thediagonal columns; and a lenticular lens film formed over the substrate,wherein the lenticular lens film comprises a plurality of elongatedlenticular lenses that extend in a second direction that is orthogonalto the first direction.
 2. The display defined in claim 1, wherein eachrow is shifted in the first direction relative to a preceding row by adistance that is greater than 0 and less than a center-to-center pitchbetween adjacent pixels.
 3. The display defined in claim 1, wherein thediagonal columns extend along a first axis that is at a non-zero anglerelative to the second direction.
 4. The display defined in claim 3,wherein the non-zero angle is between 5 degrees and 30 degrees.
 5. Thedisplay defined in claim 1, wherein each elongated lenticular lensoverlaps at least two pixels in each row.
 6. The display defined inclaim 1, wherein each pixel comprises a red sub-pixel, a blue sub-pixel,and a green sub-pixel, wherein the blue sub-pixel of each pixel has awidth and a length that is greater than the width, and wherein thelength of the blue sub-pixel in each pixel extends parallel to the firstdirection.
 7. The display defined in claim 1, wherein each pixelcomprises a red sub-pixel, a blue sub-pixel, and a green sub-pixel,wherein the blue sub-pixel of each pixel has a width and a length thatis greater than the width, and wherein the length of the blue sub-pixelin each pixel extends parallel to the second direction.
 8. The displaydefined in claim 1, wherein each pixel comprises red, blue, and greensub-pixels in a layout.
 9. The display defined in claim 8, wherein thelayout of each pixel in the array of pixels is the same.
 10. The displaydefined in claim 8, wherein a first plurality of pixels in the array ofpixels has a first layout, wherein a second plurality of pixels in thearray of pixels has a second layout that is different than the firstlayout, and wherein, in each row, pixels having the first layoutalternate with pixels having the second layout.
 11. The display definedin claim 10, wherein the first layout is vertically flipped to form thesecond layout.
 12. The display defined in claim 8, wherein at least oneof the red, blue, and green sub-pixels has a diamond shape.
 13. Thedisplay defined in claim 8, wherein at least one of the red, blue, andgreen sub-pixels has a triangular shape.
 14. The display defined inclaim 1, further comprising: first signal paths that extend in the firstdirection; and second signal paths that extend parallel to the diagonalcolumns across the array of pixels.
 15. The display defined in claim 1,further comprising: first signal paths that extend in the firstdirection; and zig-zag signal paths that have diagonal segments thatextend parallel to the diagonal columns and that are connected byintervening horizontal segments that extend in the first direction. 16.The display defined in claim 15, wherein the zig-zag signal pathsfurther comprise supplemental segments coupled to the diagonal segments,wherein each supplemental segment has a length that is within 20% of alength of the horizontal segments.
 17. A display comprising: asubstrate; a lenticular lens film formed over the substrate, wherein thelenticular lens film comprises a plurality of elongated lenticularlenses that extend parallel to a first axis; and an array of pixelsformed on the substrate between the substrate and the lenticular lensfilm, wherein the array of pixels is arranged in a diagonal patternalong a second axis that is at a non-zero, non-orthogonal angle relativeto the first axis.
 18. The display defined in claim 17, wherein thedisplay has an upper edge and wherein the first axis is orthogonal tothe upper edge.
 19. The display defined in claim 17, wherein the arrayof pixels is arranged in rows and diagonal columns, wherein each row islaterally shifted by a given distance relative to a preceding row, andwherein the given distance is greater than 0 and less than acenter-to-center pitch between adjacent pixels.
 20. A displaycomprising: a substrate having convex curvature; a lenticular lens filmformed over the substrate, wherein the lenticular lens film comprises aplurality of elongated lenticular lenses that extend vertically acrossthe substrate; and an array of pixels formed on the substrate andcovered by the lenticular lens film, wherein the array of pixels isarranged in rows that extend horizontally across the substrate andcolumns that extend diagonally at a non-zero, non-orthogonal anglerelative to the elongated lenticular lenses.